HeLa and The History of the Cell - Free Essay Example

In February 2010, author and journalist Rebecca Skloot published a book, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, which included the stories surrounding the HeLa cell line as well as research into Henrietta Lacks life. In 1951 a poor young black women, Henrietta Lacks was diagnosed with cervical cancer and at the time was treated in the colored ward or segregated division of Johns Hopkins Hospital. The procedure required samples of her cervix to be removed. Henrietta Lacks, the person who was the source of these cells was unaware of their removal. Her family was never informed about what had been accomplished with the use of her cells. The Lacks family has not received anything from the cell line to this day, although their mothers cells have been bought and sold by many. This bestseller tells the stories of HeLa and traces the history of the cell while highlighting the ethical and legal issues of the research. Henriettas name is associated with HeLa cells after a doctor took her cells without her knowing (the name derives from the first two letters of her first and last names). It is told that George Gey, a cancer researcher at Hopkins was longing to study cancer cells however, the method failed because the cells were studied outside of the body and died. But Henriettas cells did not die. In fact they continued to replicate making what we now know as the HeLa cell. The sample of Henriettas malignant tumor was offered to researchers who saw the cells continue to multiply in culture, and they still continue to grow up to this day. Scientists remain stumped why the HeLa cells survived whereas others didnt. It has been proposed that the immortality of her cells is due to the enzyme telomerase (Reveron, 2011). Telomerase prevents the deterioration of the chromosome and thus restores the ends of the chromosome so that they do not age and die like normal cells. As cells divide telomeres at the en d of chromosomes shorten and ultimately die however telomerase prevents this from happening. Since then, HeLa cells have been used in a number of groundbreaking medical experiments. While these cancer cells ultimately killed her they have been studied for medical advancements and rest in vials to this day. The cells have been used for advancements such as the development of the polio vaccine, the cancer drug tamoxifen, chemotherapy, gene mapping, in vitro fertilization and treatments for influenza, leukemia and Parkinsons Disease (Keiger, 2010). In the book the author points out that over 60,000 studies were published by researchers who used the HeLa cells, which in turn advanced their careers and publications. Aside from the scientific findings and fascinating history in this book, the alarming parts are the personal narratives of Henriettas life and the story her family tells. In 1993 her only living daughter, Deborah continued to fight in order to find out knowledge about her mother. Yet within this biotechnological universe she was given misleading information and was lost in the technical jargon sadly leaving her with no information at all. Meanwhile, these research institutions thrived from the dividing cells. This causes controversy amongst many critics and readers. Science and research are meant to explain difficult concepts relating to the human body, evolution and the universe. Instead there are many instances when it is abused. If Henrietta Lacks cells were taken and being studied for beneficial purposes then there would be no reason not to tell her daughter the simple truth, instead of making it complex. This raises reasonable suspicion that the scientist studying her cells was seeking profit and glory.

The Grand Inquisitor The Role of Religion - Literature Essay Samples

The Grand InquisitorThe mind is its own place, and in itselfCan make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven.- John MiltonThe questions proposed in Fyodor Dostoyevskys The Grand Inquisitor challenge the very essence of human existence. The idea of freedom is examined and described through a bleak, contemptuous perspective. In the Grand Inquisitor, one of humanitys most protected and beloved ideals is illustrated as a destructive force that has plunged mankind into a state of anguish and disorder. From one angle, the story can be perceived as an attack on God and religion but closer examination reveals the opposite conclusion: The Grand Inquisitor is an explanation for the vital necessity of one religious institution.The context in which the story occurs is shocking: God visits earth in human form, performs a few miracles, and as is promptly locked in a jail cell by a flesh and blood man who proceeds to admonish God for giving mankind free will. The tale is not given to us directly. Ivan t ells the story to his brother, Alyosha, with interruptions and elaborations sprinkled throughout. It is clear from the beginning that Alyosha is a religious man while Ivan has adopted a more cynical position. The first exchange that occurs between the brothers illustrates this contrast.Brother, Alyosha said suddenly, his eyes beginning to flash, You just asked if there was in this whole world a being who could and would have the right to forgive. But there is such a being, and he can forgive everything, forgive all and for all, because he himself gave his innocent blood for all and for everything. Youve forgotten about him, but it is on him that the structure is being built, and it is to him that they will cry out: Just art thou, O Lord, for thy ways have been revealed!'Ah, yes, the only sinless One and his blood! No I have not forgotten about him; on the contrary, Ive been wondering all the while why you havent brought him up for so long, because in discussions your people usually trot him out first thing. (Pg. 413)As the reader gets deeper into the story, they realize this early conversation was deceptive. Ivan is the storyteller and dominates the majority of The Grand Inquisitor. He sneers at his brothers faith and since he is the central character, it is expected that Dostoyevsky will attempt to persuade the reader to assume Ivans stance.As Ivan continues, the reader learns that the story is set Spain when the burning of alleged heretics was taking place. It is during this time that God chooses to move through earth. A portion of the story details His magnetism.People are drawn to him by an invincible force, they flock to him, surround him, follow him. He passes silently among them with a quiet smile of infinite compassion. The sun of love shines in his heart, rays of Light, Enlightenment, and Power stream from his eyes and, pouring over the people, shake their hearts with responding love. (Pg. 416)After the Grand Inquisitor becomes aware of Gods presence of earth, he orders his henchmen to remove Him. The description of the Inquisitor sharply contradicts the description of God in human form. The Inquisitor is presented as being a cold, formidable, judgmental presence; even the word sinister is used.He is an old man, almost ninety, tall and straight, with a gaunt face and sunken eyes, from which a glitter still shines like a fiery spark. Oh, he is not wearing his magnificent cardinals robes in which he had displayed himself to the people the day before, when the enemies of the Roman faith were burned-no, at this moment he is wearing only his old, coarse monastic cassock. He is followed at a certain distance by his grim assistances and slaves, and by the holy guard. At the sight of the crowd he stops and watches from afar. He had seen everything, seen the coffin set down at his feet, seen the girl rise, and his face darkens. He scowls with his thick, gray, eyebrows and his eyes shine with a sinister fire. (Pg. 417)Another contrast bet ween the Inquisitor and God is the crowds reaction to them. The people do not demonstrate the same uninhibited awe and adoration for the Inquisitor but rather a fearful obedience.And such is his power, so tamed, submissive, and trembling obedient to his will are the people, that the crowd immediately parts before the guard (Pg.417)A noteworthy detail from this section is how quickly the crowd abandons God, who, just moments ago, they were enthralled with. The theme of mans weakness and the need for a rigid governing authority begins to emerge.What follows is a lengthy monologue delivered by the Grand Inquisitor to God. The lecture details the Inquisitors reproach for freedom. It should be mentioned that for Americans, the concept of freedom would likely evoke a different definition than it would for someone who existed in more restrictive circumstances. For Americans, political and social freedoms are an intrinsic part of our existence. In Dostoyevskys era, such freedoms did not exi st but there were, and have been since the beginning of time, the most basic freedoms of man: the freedom to love, to hate, to believe in God, and so on. These are internal freedoms that emerge from having a free will and this is what the Inquisitor is speaking against. Initially, the Inquisitors claim is appalling. However, he puts forth a compelling argument. He fervently describes the way freedom has enslaved mankind and thrust the human race into a state of tormented chaos. The Inquisitor boldly confronts God on this error and declares that humanity will ultimately reject Him.For the mystery of mans being is not only in living, but in what one lives for. Without a firm idea of what he lives for, man will not consent to live and will sooner destroy himself than remain on earth, even if there is bread all around him. That is so, but what came of it? Instead of taking over mens freedom, you increased it still more for them! Did you forget that peace and even death are dearer to ma n than free choice in the knowledge of good and evil? There is nothing more seductive for man than the freedom of his conscience, but there is nothing more tormenting, either. And so, instead of a firm foundation for appeasing human conscience once and for all, you chose everything that was unusual, enigmatic, and indefinite, you chose everything that was beyond mens strength, and thereby acted as if you did not love them at all-and who did this? He who came to give his life for them! Instead of taking over mens freedom, you increased it and forever burdened the kingdom of the human soul with its torments. You desired the free love of man, that he should follow you freely, seduced and captivated by you. Instead of the firm ancient law, man had henceforth to decide for himself, with a free heart, what is good and what is evil, having only your image before him as a guide-but did it not occur to you that he would eventually reject and dispute even your image and your truth if he was o ppressed by so terrible a burden as freedom of choice? They will finally cry out that truth is not in you, for it was impossible to leave them in greater confusion and torment than you did, abandoning them to so many cares and insoluble problems. (Pg. 422-423)The Inquisitors argument is difficult to refute, as mans ability to discern good from evil is undeniably questionable. The freedom of will allows each individual to have a different moral system or, in some cases, no moral system at all. If one considers the violence and depravity that occurs in the world on a daily basis, it appears man is unable to manage freedom of the will. The myriad of choices and possibilities, the moral decisions one is confronted with every day, seem to overwhelm many. It is what Milton speaks of; the minds ability to construct its own environment, to make a hell of heaven that the Inquisitor claims has wrecked humanity. Many people make choices throughout their lives that lead to the creation of helli sh circumstances. Perhaps it is not free will itself but the massive responsibility that accompanies it that overpowers mankind.As the Inquisitor continues, he states that men long for unity. This point becomes a principal element in the Inquisitors contention that religion is the one thing that can save man from an existence plagued by turmoil and suffering.Had you accepted that third counsel of the mighty spirit, you would have furnished all that man seeks on earth, that is: someone to bow down to, someone to take over his conscience, and a means for uniting everyone at last into a common, concordant, and incontestable anthill-for the need for universal union is the third and last torment of men. Mankind in its entirety has always yearned to arrange things so that they must be universal. (Pg. 425)The Inquisitor goes on to say that the religious institution will deliver mankind from the burden of free will. He asserts that humanity will submit to the church and only then will they be relived of the crushing responsibility they were incapable of shouldering.But the flock will gather again, and again submit, and this time once and for all. Then we shall give them quiet, humble happiness, the happiness of feeble creatures, such as they were created. (Pg. 427)The Inquisitor also believes he is rectifying Gods error and acting in the best interest of the people. At one point, he states his mission and reprimands God for interfering.But I awoke and did not want to serve madness. I returned and joined the host of those who have corrected your deed. I left the proud and returned to the humble, for the happiness for the humble. What I am telling you will come true, and our kingdom will be established. Tomorrow, I repeat, you will see this obedient flock, which at my first gesture will rush to heap hot coals around your stake, at which I shall burn you for having come to interfere with us. For if anyone has ever deserved our stake, it is you, (Pg. 428)The Inquisitors p osistion is distasteful but again impossible to disregard. Since its conception, humanity has existed in a state of chaos and, even today, is plagued by violence, war, and incomprehensible cruelty. How can one refute the Inquisitors wish to persuade man to relinquish their free will and fall into a peaceful, united existence? Dostoyevsky doesnt pretend that this is a pleasant notion. Instead, he presents it as a necessary evil, unpleasant but essential for the stabilization of the human race.Fyodor Dostoyevsky was a devout follower of the Russian Orthodox faith and well acquainted with the brutality that afflicts earthly existence. He was a compulsive gambler and often had financial troubles. The writer also suffered from epilepsy. Perhaps, The Grand Inquisitor is a reflection of both Dostoyevskys faith and the desire for something to deliver him from his woes. The concepts of free will being questionable and mans desire for unity and security have retained their relevancy and are p articularly germane in the present day. We are living under the looming threat of war, terrorism, and escalating occurrences of crime and violence. If there has ever been a time where it seemed reasonable to wonder if free will was a mistake of extraordinary proportions, it is now. The Inquisitors case remains difficult to argue, as the supporting evidence continues to mount. It can only be said that life without freedom of the will would not be life at all. The removal of free will would equal the removal of our humanity because what defines us as humans is the ability to reason, to think, to choose. Even if one arrives to this conclusion after reading the Grand Inquisitor, Dostoyevsky has still challenged us to consider the very foundation of humanity and to question the framework of our own existence. The ability to persuade a reader to reconsider a liberty as immense as freedom of the will is a profound achievement, which is why The Grand Inquisitor is a one of Dostoyevskys grea test works.